Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals.

A petroleum refinery heavily depends on crude oil as its main feedstock to produce liquid fuels and chemicals. In the long term, this unyielding dependency is threatened by the depletion of the crude oil reserve. However, in the short term, its price highly fluctuates due to various factors, such as regional and global security instability causing additional complexity on refinery production planning. The petroleum refining industries are also drawing criticism and pressure due to their direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The exhaust gas emission of automobiles apart from the industrial and power plant emission has been viewed as the cause of global warming. In this sense, there is a need for a feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly generation process of fuels and chemicals. The attention turns to the utilization of biomass as a potential feedstock to produce substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels and building blocks for biochemicals. Biomass is abundant and currently is still low in utilization. The biorefinery, a facility to convert biomass into biofuels and biochemicals, is still lacking in competitiveness to a petroleum refinery. An attractive solution that addresses both is by the integration of bio- and petroleum refineries. In this context, the right decision making in the process selection and technologies can lower the investment and operational costs and assure optimum yield. Process optimization based on mathematical programming has been extensively used to conduct techno-economic and sustainability analysis for bio-, petroleum, and the integration of both refineries. This paper provides insights into the context of crude oil and biomass as potential refinery feedstocks. The current optimization status of either bio- or petroleum refineries and their integration is reviewed with the focus on the methods to solve the multi-objective optimization problems. Internal and external uncertain parameters are important aspects in process optimization. The nature of these uncertain parameters and their representation methods in process optimization are also discussed

Keputusan menabung mahasiswa

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menguji pengaruh terhadap hasil, lokasi dan pelayanan terhadap keputusan penghematan pada bank siswa muamalat. Teori dasar yang digunakan bank syariah, untuk hasil, dan lokasi pelayanan, serta keputusan konsumen dengan menggunakan alat analisis regresi linier ganda dengan menggunakan sampel 30 siswa. Untuk hasil yang memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan seorang mahasiswa terhadap tabungan di bank muamalat, maka penelitian hipotesis diterima. Tempat / lokasi memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan menyimpan uang pada bank siswa muamalat. Dengan demikian hipotesis penelitian diterima. Kualitas pelayanan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan penghematan uang pada bank siswa muamalat, sehingga diperoleh hipotesis penelitian

Keputusan menabung mahasiswa

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menguji pengaruh terhadap hasil, lokasi dan pelayanan terhadap keputusan penghematan pada bank siswa muamalat. Teori dasar yang digunakan bank syariah, untuk hasil, dan lokasi pelayanan, serta keputusan konsumen dengan menggunakan alat analisis regresi linier ganda dengan menggunakan sampel 30 siswa. Untuk hasil yang memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan seorang mahasiswa terhadap tabungan di bank muamalat, maka penelitian hipotesis diterima. Tempat / lokasi memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan menyimpan uang pada bank siswa muamalat. Dengan demikian hipotesis penelitian diterima. Kualitas pelayanan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan penghematan uang pada bank siswa muamalat, sehingga diperoleh hipotesis penelitian

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENERANGAN OTOMATIS DENGAN FUZZY LOGIC MENGGUNAKAN MIKROKONTROLER ATMEGA 32

Prinsip umum pencahayaan adalah bahwa cahaya yang berlebihan tidak akan menjadi lebih baik, penglihatan tidak menjadi lebih baik hanya dari jumlah atau kuantitas cahaya tetapi juga dari kualitasnya. Standar kebutuhan cahaya untuk penerangan ruangan bervariasi tergantung dari kegunaan ruangan tersebut, ruang keluarga 300 lux, ruang tidur 50 lux, dan ruang baca 200 lux. Pengaturan intensitas cahaya dalam suatu ruangan dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengimplementasikan suatu sistem pengendali otomatis dengan fuzzy logic menggunakan mikrokontroler ATmega 32. Pengendali ini akan mengatur jumlah intensitas cahaya dalam suatu ruangan dengan cara menyesuaikan antara intensitas cahaya yang tersedia dalam ruangan terhadap standar kebutuhan intensitas cahaya dalam ruangan tersebut. Pengaturan intensitas cahaya untuk penerangan dalam suatu ruangan dapat mengoptimalkan kebutuhan pencahayaan, sekaligus meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan energi yang digunakan untuk kebutuhan penerangan dalam ruangan tersebut

Techno-economic assessment of biomass pre-conversion processes as a part of biomass-to-liquids line-up

Pre-conversion process (PCP) is a technology that can convert biomass into denser energy carriers that ease transportation and handling for biomass-to-liquid (BTL) plants. This paper assesses three existing PCP technologies in three location scenarios. The assessed PCP technologies are rotating cone reactor pyrolysis (RCRP), fluidized bed reactor pyrolysis (FBRP) and torrefaction (TOR/TOP) technology. The BTL plant is assumed to be located in the Netherlands, while the PCP plants can be distributed outside of the Netherlands, or centralized in the same complex as the BTL plant. Alternatively, the PCP plants can be centralized in one complex outside of the Netherlands. The assessment considers factors like biomass price, forest yield, transportation distance, capital investment of the PCP and BTL plants, and operating costs of those plants. Furthermore, this work proposes a modification of the existing FBRP technology to avoid the usage of fossil fuels for its energy supply. The original design is called 'FBRP Non-green', while the modified one is called 'FBRP Green'. The costs of the CO avoided for different PCP-BTL plants and corresponding location scenarios were also compared. Based on the assessment, the torrefaction technology with distributed scenario for the production of 1000 MWsynthesis gas (syngas) is the most cost-effective and the greenest option. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Finned spacer for efficient membrane fouling control in produced water filtration

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Membrane based technologies are highly reliable for water and wastewater treatment, including for removal of total oil and grease from produced water. However, performances of the pressure driven processes are highly restricted by membrane fouling and the application of traditional air bubbling system is limited by their low shear stress due to poor contacts with the membrane surface. This study develops and assesses a novel finned spacer, placed in between vertical panel, for membrane fouling control in submerged plate-and-frame module system for real produced water filtration. Results show that permeability of the panel is enhanced by 87% from 201 to 381 L/(m2 h bar). The spacer system can be operated in switching mode to accommodate two-sided panel aeration. This leads to panel permeability increment by 22% higher than the conventional vertical system. The mechanisms of finned spacer in encouraging the flow trajectory was proven by visual observation and flow simulation. The fins alter the air bubbles flow trajectory toward the membrane surface to effectively scour-off the foulant. Overall results demonstrate the efficacy of the developed spacer in projecting the air bubble trajectory toward the membrane surface and thus significantly enhances membrane panel productivity